Introduction to Social Research Methods-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Critically analyze the workplace bullying that occur in an Operating room. Answer: Introduction Workplace bullying is a repeated phenomenon in which a person experiences ill treatment from the people in the workplace, such occurrences lead to harm a person mentally and physically. There are several different types of bullying which includes physical abuse, nonverbal, verbal, psychological humiliation. Workplace bullying is different from the bullying that occur in schools. Workplace bullying occur within the established framework of rules in an organization and workplace. Studies reveal that the occurrences of bullying often occur when the person who is getting bullied is authoritatively lower than the person who is bullying. Whereas, bullying also occurs among the peers and also within the subordinates (Nielsen Einarsen, 2012). Bullying is of two types; one is overt bullying another is covert bullying. The ill effects of bullying are not restricted to the affected person, but it also affects the culture in an organization and also the work ethics among the employees. There ar e a lot of researches and studies conducted on the occurrence of bullying in an organization and also bullying occurring at the group level. These researches mainly focus on the effects and the impacts of bullying on the affected person (Samnani Singh, 2012). This study also deals with one such research journal on the workplace bullying in the operating room. The aim of the study includes critical assessment of the how the author depicted bullying in the paper, a critical discussion on the sampling techniques, the methods used during the data collection and how the data was analyzed. Background and significance The Author emphasized on the negative effects of workplace bullying as the main rationale behind the study. Workplace bullying is a repeated, totally intentional and isolated sequence of events that lead to negative impacts of the proper working environment on an organization or in a hospital. According to Branch, Ramsay Barker (2013), the workplace bullying is categorized solely as personal and work related. Certain behaviors that are considered unacceptable in the workplace include isolating, excluding and ignoring an individual, humiliating a person in front of a group of coworkers, undermining a persons integrity, using slangs against a person in a workplace, openly attacking a persons religious belief and making bad remarks upon a persons community and skin color, and even the physical abuse is considered as a workplace bullying. Along with these mentioned practices in the workplace, there are other type of bullying in the workplace which are work related, like imposing works t hat are hard to perform and have impractical deadlines, imposing tasks on an employee which are beyond the expertise of the concerned employee, also another wrong practice is taking the credits of another persons hard work, and criticizing and relieving a person from the responsibility. It is a known fact that acknowledging the workplace bullying among the nurse is a difficult part to consolidate (Berry et al., 2012), there are several studies conducted upon the workplace bullying among the nurses, however the methodologies followed in such studies is different. Hence, a comparison cannot be established within the studies. Also, the several studies conducted is based on different sampling techniques in the different healthcare environments. Studies reflect that, in a workplace the newly graduated nurses experience 20% to 32%, while in the emergency departments the incidence of bullying is around 22.9%. A study conducted among the British population of nurses, showed a remarkably hig her incidence of bullying is found to be experienced by the nurses which is around 35.8%. The data is exceptionally high among the newly graduated nurses in comparison with the nonprofessional and professional coworkers. While studies conducted among the Turkish nurses revealed that 20% of nurses reported about intentional bullying. According to Park, Cho Hong (2015), the operating room is considered as a part of the workplace in hospitals within which disruptive behaviors, interpersonal conflict, bullying behaviors and stress are common occurrences. There are several terminologies that are used to define bullying under several circumstances like lateral violence, peer incivility, disruptive behaviors, workplace incivility and horizontal violence. Study conducted among the perioperative registered nurses revealed that reveal that perioperative registered nurses behave negatively, and another issue is that often perioperative RNs criticize the work of the other employee in front of other coworkers. According to Frederick (2014), a higher incidence of workplace bullying in found in the perioperative environment. Also from the same study, the disruptive behaviors affected the work quality and increased the medical errors. Aims and objectives of the study The aims and objectives of the study are segregated into four different points. The first aim of the study is to illustrate the prevalence of workplace bullying within the perioperative registered nurses, unlicensed perioperative workers, surgical technicians at the two-different academic medical hospitals. The second aim is to investigate whether ethnicity, gender, years of profession, years of experience within a unit, and the title of the job can envision the incidence of workplace bullying. the third aim is to investigate whether there is a positive relation between the emotional exhaustion and workplace bullying within the perioperative registered nurses and staff members. The fourth aim is to investigate whether there is any relation between the workplace bullying and patient safety in the operating room (Chipps et al., 2013). Research methodology Conceptual model The Author during the conduct of the research, used a model which is based on a model developed by Hutchinson et al (2010). The model emphasizes on the presence of organizational antecedents which lets the bullying to coexist in the work environment. Organizational antecedents include several others factors which consolidate the effect of workplace bullying. These factors include unofficial organizational alliances, maltreatment of the legitimate procedures, authority and processes. Unofficial organizational alliances include the formation of groups of workers that promote an environment which is favorable for workplace bullying. Managers, who can actively control the bullying is himself engaged in the activity. While the managers are authorized to control such ill activities, are engaged in the misuse of the authority. These activities are an overall effect of the unofficial existence of informal alliances that promotes workplace bullying. According to Hutchison et al. (2010), the b ullying acts are categorized into 3 different domains: personal bullying, bullying through the works or tasks assigned, bullying on the competence and reputation. Personal bullying includes the acts of humiliation, isolation, intimidation and threats. The work-related humiliation includes hindrances in work, economic sanctions. While bullying on competence and reputation includes tarnishing the professional image and hindering the career opportunities. The activities of bullying become normal in a workplace when bullying is accepted as a friendly behavior in the work group. The consequences of bullying include unwillingness and distress during work, it makes the employees less engaged resulting in the reduction of productivity. There are other consequences which are reported by the affected individuals which include higher levels of anxiety, interruptions and depressions during the progress of career (Rodwell Demir, 2012). Study design The Author designed a cross-sectional survey. The sample size included 167 registered nurses, unlicensed perioperative workers that are working in operating room, surgical technicians at the 2 academic medical institutions. There is also an exclusion criterion which includes the employees who have worked under 6 months and the employees who work less than half percentage of work for a week. Workplace bullying was measured using a Revised- Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ-R) (Vogelpohl et al., 2013). the NAQ-R was developed to measure the exposure to bullying in any kind of work setting. The respondents were asked whether they experienced any bullying within the preceding 6 months by answering the 22 questions in the questionnaire. While the terms harassment and workplace bullying were not used in the questionnaire instead bullying was mentioned as negative acts. How frequent the respondents experienced the negative behavior was actually documented in the answer section, and the valid ity of the answers was determined with the Cronbach alpha score (Eisinga, Te Grotenhuis Pelzer, 2013), which ranged between 0.80 to 0.91. Emotional exhaustion was measured as part of the study through the emotional exhaustion subscale Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). This scale measures the emotional distress during the job. The participants were further asked to answer 23 questions among which 8 questions are based on the demographic information, 8 on the bullying behaviors and the remaining 7 were based on estimating the expectations, errors and patient safety. The data accumulated from the two-different academic medical hospitals were collected and further used for data analysis. Procedure of data collection After getting the approval from both the hospitals, then the research team conveyed the data collection methodology to the perioperative nurse managers and conducted meetings with the perioperative staffs. The sole purpose is to introduce the whole procedure to the eligible participants. Before the beginning of each and every survey the research team conveyed a clear message through a cover letter depicting the aims and objectives of that particular study. There was also an option for the participants to opt out of the study by not reverting the survey. These cover letters were sent to all the eligible participants (Chipps et al., 2013). The cover letters as returned by the participants from each of the hospitals kept confidential and these surveys were treated as data sets and were later used for statistical analysis. Data analysis For the data analysis the data accumulated were entered into the IBM SPSS statistics version 19.0 software. A descriptive statistic for each of the hospital was calculated based on the demographic data. For the categorical variables, Frequencies and percentages were calculated while for the continuous variables, standard deviation and means were calculated. The data collected through the NAQ-R were analyzed for the calculation of intensity, frequency as well as target scores. the frequency of workplace bullying is calculated by the adding the negative acts which are experienced by the participants on a daily or weekly basis. The Author considered the participants as targets of bullying when the participants experienced bullying or the negative acts twice of more than twice daily or weekly. A logistic regression model is used in order to determine that the demographic variables have a positive correlation with the target status (Allison, 2012). The target status is defined as no means zero whereas yes means one. The independent variables involve the individual demography of both the hospitals, registered nurses and the non-registered nurses, age, experience of the employees in terms of year in the medical unit, and ethnicity. In a similar fashion the author designed multiple regression model in order to determine that the demographic variables are signifying the intensity of bullying. the continuous bullying intensity is considered as a dependent variable while the other demographic variables were considered as independent variables. The author utilized the spearmans rank correlation coefficient to establish a relationship between emotional exhaustion and the participants experiencing the workplace bullying (Zionts, 2012). a logistic model is also developed which signifies which bullying tendencies resulted in to compromising the patient safety. Within this model, the dependent variable included the compromise of patient safety as no and yes responses with value s of zero and one respectively. Also, each of the negative responses from the NAQ-R is entered separately into the regression model. Critical assessment According to the author, workplace bullying is a repeated, totally intentional and isolated sequence of events that lead to negative impacts of the proper working environment on an organization or in a hospital. Workplace bullying is major problem which is occurring among the perioperative Registered nurses, unlicensed perioperative workers and surgical technicians in the operating rooms (OR). While the survey conducted did not have the words like bullying and harassment in the questionnaire, instead these words are substituted as negative acts. Bullying was measured or quantified based on the common demographic variables like the gender, ethnicity and age. The quantification was also based on other important factors like the years of profession and experience, years of experience in the particular medical unit, title of the job and the job role. While the study was completely based in the operating room of a hospital environment. It neglected the general occurrence of workplace envi ronment n the other types of working environment (Power et al., 2013). The study emphasized on the occurrences of bullying in the operating rooms which can be considered as a micro environment. Although the other aspects of bullying that occur within the other medical units and department of a hospital are not accounted and dealt. Thus, it can be said that although the studies related to bullying in the operating rooms were very minimal, and this particular gave a detailed and descriptive analysis. Yet it failed to highlight the other instances of bullying in different circumstances that arise due to medical emergencies in other units (Gokhman et al., 2012). The sampling process is kept confidential by delivering the cover letter to each of the participants through mail. The participants were employees from two different hospitals which included the perioperative nurses, surgical technicians and the unlicensed perioperative workers. It is important to mention that along with the above-mentioned personnel in the operating rooms, there are other personnel who have a contributory effect on the operating room environment. Like the scrub nurse, anesthesiologist, circulating nurse (Russ et al., 2013). These personnel are not taken in to account during the study, which somewhat decreases the effectivity of the study. The data collection methods were majorly based on the survey conducted through questionnaires that are based on the negative acts experienced by the participants. The study even has the option for the participants to opt out from the study process by not submitting the survey. This somewhat makes the sampling method lose its grip from the effective sampling size. The questions framed lacked the flexibility of expression. Other sampling methods like undisclosed interviews with the affected personnel can effectively highlight the exact cause of work place bullying. The analysis of the data is completely based on statistics and because it did not take into account of other sampling techniques like interviews (Rowley, 2012). Thus, the results reflected data based on the negative acts experienced by the respondents on a daily and weekly basis. Although the study has its drawbacks which are discussed above, the study does have strengths. The first major strength is that study on workplace bullying in operating room is not a well-researched field and not enough studies were done before. This particular study highlighted and revealed a lot of hidden aspects of workplace bullying in the operating room. The second major strength is that the workplace bulling not only affects the targeted person but it also has an equally negative impact on the patient health outcomes including the patient safety, mortality, satisfaction and as well as negative patient events (Laschinger, 2014). Conclusion Therefore, from the above study it can be concluded that workplace bulling is an unpleasant phenomenon that occurs within the workplace and work groups. The negative impacts of workplace bullying not only affects a targeted person mentally but also physically which hampers his or her productivity. Whereas, such occurrences in a medical unit can have serious impact on the health outcomes of the patients. The study focusses on the workplace bullying in operating room and it presented with a detailed an exhaustive analysis of the results. However, it failed to take into account the other personnel like scrub nurse, circulating nurse and anesthesiologist that work in an operating room. While the study had drawbacks in the method of sampling and representation, also it failed to suggest any effective remedy of workplace bullying. However, the study did mention about the negative impacts on the patient health outcome due to the incidence of bullying in the operating room. References Allison, P. D. (2012).Logistic regression using SAS: Theory and application. SAS Institute. Berry, P. A., Gillespie, G. L., Gates, D., Schafer, J. (2012). Novice nurse productivity following workplace bullying.Journal of Nursing Scholarship,44(1), 80-87. DOI:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2011.01436.x Branch, S., Ramsay, S., Barker, M. (2013). Workplace bullying, mobbing and general harassment: A review.International Journal of Management Reviews,15(3), 280-299. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2012.00339.x Chipps, E., Stelmaschuk, S., Albert, N. M., Bernhard, L., Holloman, C. (2013). Workplace bullying in the OR: Results of a descriptive study.AORN journal,98(5), 479-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aorn.2013.08.015 Eisinga, R., Te Grotenhuis, M., Pelzer, B. (2013). The reliability of a two-item scale: Pearson, Cronbach, or Spearman-Brown?.International journal of public health,58(4), 637-642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0416-3 Frederick, D. (2014). Bullying, mentoring, and patient care.AORN journal,99(5), 587-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aorn.2013.10.023 Gokhman, R., Seybert, A. L., Phrampus, P., Darby, J., Kane-Gill, S. L. (2012). Medication errors during medical emergencies in a large, tertiary care, academic medical center.Resuscitation,83(4), 482-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.10.001 Hutchinson, M., Vickers, M. H., Wilkes, L., Jackson, D. (2010). A typology of bullying behaviours: the experiences of Australian nurses.Journal of clinical nursing,19(15?16), 2319-2328. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.03160.x Laschinger, H. K. S. (2014). Impact of workplace mistreatment on patient safety risk and nurse-assessed patient outcomes.Journal of Nursing Administration,44(5), 284-290. doi: 10.1097/NNA.0000000000000068 Nielsen, M. B., Einarsen, S. (2012). Outcomes of exposure to workplace bullying: A meta-analytic review.Work Stress,26(4), 309-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2012.734709 Park, M., Cho, S. H., Hong, H. J. (2015). Prevalence and perpetrators of workplace violence by nursing unit and the relationship between violence and the perceived work environment.Journal of nursing scholarship,47(1), 87-95. DOI:10.1111/jnu.12112 Power, J. L., Brotheridge, C. M., Blenkinsopp, J., Bowes-Sperry, L., Bozionelos, N., Buzdy, Z., ... Madero, S. M. (2013). Acceptability of workplace bullying: A comparative study on six continents.Journal of Business Research,66(3), 374-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.08.018 Rodwell, J., Demir, D. (2012). Psychological consequences of bullying for hospital and aged care nurses.International nursing review,59(4), 539-546. DOI:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2012.01018.x Rowley, J. (2012). Conducting research interviews.Management Research Review,35(3/4), 260-271. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211210154 Russ, S., Rout, S., Sevdalis, N., Moorthy, K., Darzi, A., Vincent, C. (2013). Do safety checklists improve teamwork and communication in the operating room? A systematic review.Annals of surgery,258(6), 856-871. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000206 Samnani, A. K., Singh, P. (2012). 20 years of workplace bullying research: a review of the antecedents and consequences of bullying in the workplace.Aggression and Violent Behavior,17(6), 581-589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.08.004 Vogelpohl, D. A., Rice, S. K., Edwards, M. E., Bork, C. E. (2013). New graduate nurses' perception of the workplace: have they experienced bullying?.Journal of Professional Nursing,29(6), 414-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2012.10.008 Zionts, S. (2012, December). MULTIPLE CRTTERTA DECISION MAKING. InMultiple Criteria Decision Making Theory and Application: Proceedings of the Third Conference Hagen/Knigswinter, West Germany, August 2024, 1979(Vol. 177, p. 150). Springer Science Business Media.

Architectural Innovation free essay sample

Henderson and Clark are of the opinion that such innovations may threaten established organizations – It destroys the usefulness of a firm’s architectural knowledge but preserves the usefulness of its knowledge about the product’s components. One of the core ideas proposed is that once a dominant design has emerged, the architectural knowledge of the product becomes ingrained in the organizational knowledge and information processing structures as firms strive to focus on refining the process rather than searching for new linkages between components. Thus in the event of an architectural innovation, critical information may be screened out, and solutions overlooked because of the firm’s resistance to change. Consequently, firms may find it difficult to react and regain market leadership thereby losing its competitive edge. Empirical evidence photolithographic alignment equipment industry has shown that is indeed the case. In all four episodes of architectural innovation in the industry, the market leader failed to respond effectively to new architectural innovations due to its preoccupation with the knowledge it was equipped with of the existing obsolete architecture. We will write a custom essay sample on Architectural Innovation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This paper is based on empirical data from both semi-structured interviews, and journals and reports. Such materials are based on the opinion of an individual or group, whose vested interests may undermine their credibility and objectivity. The semi-structured nature of the interviews and varying number and/or rank of the members of each product-development team interviewed point towards an uncontrolled sample. Given the constraints of the available data set and the length of the research period however, the authors did a good job in reconciling possible differences by using the secondary data to corroborate and supplement the primary sources, thus portraying a fairly accurate picture of the industry’s evolution. This paper illustrated the concept of architectural innovation presenting established organizations with threats that could significantly impact them through an empirical study of a single industry. The effects of innovation on this industry could perhaps be extrapolated to other industries. Further research applied to other industries, as recommended by the authors, would widen the scope of the sample and eliminate any possible biases or industry-specific aberration and help develop a more comprehensive understanding of the impacts of innovation on industries in general. In a knowledge-based economy, horizontal and vertical transfer of knowledge can be said to be a common feature. This may be attributed to the recent spate of mergers and acquisitions, a highly mobile workforce, and the increased interdependency between firms and industries. It might thus be timely for future research to focus on the impact of innovation in such a climate, vastly different from that in the 1980s. The paper discussed the why and how of established firms losing their competitive edge; while new firms gain a foothold due to their flexibility and ability to exploit new architectural innovations despite their limited competencies. It would only appropriate then, to research on the possible modes of action different firms should take. The paper shed some light on how established, threatened firms should respond to an innovation with significant competitive implications that could make or break their existing business, but none for new firm, which was not the main focus of the paper. Considering the advantages new firms have in entering the market, additional research could be done on the risks of entrance, given the unpredictability of the marketplace as seen in the dot com bubble, and the danger of staying away from business opportunities as per Kodak from digital cameras. The arguments in this paper are strongly supported by evidence within the set scope of the photolithographic alignment equipment industry. The nature of the data itself was subjective, but it was corroborated with other sources, thus rendering it reliable. In all, this paper is one of a high standard with well-documented evidence and credible arguments put forth in a comprehensible way that prompts the reader to ruminate upon the wider implications of the thesis.

Lolita Film and Novel Comparison free essay sample

One of the greatest works of the 20th century, Lolita shocked and intrigued audience everywhere. This story is about the European intellectual Humbert Humbert, and his doomed relationship with the nymphet, â€Å"Lolita.† The book can stand alone as one of the most interesting on the AP Booklist. However, after watching the movie, Lolita’s story has a special place in my heart alongside many of my favorite, â€Å"love† stories. Jeremy Iron’s voice enthralled me and made me feel real compassion for the trials Humbert went through in the movie. Dominique Swain’s Lolita was as beautiful and manipulative as perceived in the book, and her entire presence simply enchanted me. Her movements, voice, and overall looks were exactly as I though Lolita’s should be, and she mimicked her personality just right as well. Though the 1997 version of the movie does stray at times from what occurred in the book, the movie made it up with great actors, music, setting, and overall charm. We will write a custom essay sample on Lolita: Film and Novel Comparison or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both the movie and the book first talk about Lolita, in the famous quote, â€Å"Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins. My sin, my soul.† However, in the beginning of the movie, he is not in jail but in his car, delirious after murdering Quincy. He is bloody and holding a gun, and this foreshadowing, though used for something else, is used very often later in the movie and in the book as well. The story continues and describes his first love, Annabel. However, the movie does not delve into his life after Annabel and before Lolita. This choice did not affect the overall movie and was most likely done to it entertaining for those who hadn’t read the book. Humbert meets Lolita, who is 14 instead of 12, in the piazza like he does in the book, and the story seems to run almost parallel for the rest of the movie. There is one exception, however. Humbert’s scene in which he was masturbating was cut out, most likely because it was too graphic and was taking too much time. The scene was filmed, just not added to the final version of the movie released in theatres. This movie was a cinematic experience that actually made me shed tears at the end, because the music and lighting and the desolation got to me in a way the book hadn’t. The book itself was a treasure, and the movie was the gold within. Reading this book and watching the movie alongside it was a very good way to complete my ISP points.

Ap Lang Essay Samples

Ap Lang Essay SamplesAp Lang was the first recipient of President Bush's undergraduate scholarship. His essay samples are full of lessons he learned in school about history, politics, history of religions, and what makes an institution successful. He also has a penchant for getting into trouble. The rest of his essay samples are filled with humorous tales, anecdotes, and thoughts on the world and his place in it.His theme 'Branch George Washington' is much more interesting than you may think. He begins his essay with a variety of quotations, including 'I would rather be of one mind with two people than all at war with all.' Another interesting quote is, 'You know that the war is won, not by the firing of the last cannon, but by the laying of the first brick.' Lang believes that war is the 'worst form of business there is,' and he never misses an opportunity to throw a stone at the United States Military establishment. His next essay sample describes what it means to be a 'free thinke r' and a 'Talent for finding out new things.'Lang concludes his third and final essay sample with a humorous story about how he did not enjoy going to get a pink slip because of his patriotism. He gives it to the reader as a tool to remember what is really important in life. His final essay sample is full of thoughts about the top three college football teams. He begins his paper with the famous Woody Hayes poem, 'The People's Will,' and ends it with the famous line, 'Tell me who the Longhorns are made for.' Each essay sample is written in the third person. Lang uses the third person when he is describing himself as the student 'whose name is on the other side of the page.'Ap Lang's essay samples take readers on a journey from an early age to the World War II, but most of them end with the evolution of his interests. His interests include horse racing, marathons, orwalks with his dogs, and history. He enjoys anything that he can relate to, regardless of what he sees. His research in terests include the US Military, politics, and travel.Ap Lang's essay samples can be divided into four major categories. They are about American history, politics, religion, and college football. There are also some literary-related essays about speeches Lang made at Duke, Drexel, Middlebury, and the University of Texas.Some of the authors who have endorsed Ap Lang's autobiography include Dick Gregory, Dick Gregory and Harry Belafonte, Lawrence Welk, William Faulkner, Sir Richard Burton, Charles Dutoit, John Ashbery, Sidney Bechet, Julius Caesar, Steve Allen, and John Ogden. All of the authors listed above endorse Lang's work, including Frederick Masterson, Clarence Darrow, Rosemary Ellen Guiley, Gertrude Stein, Irving Stone, John Steinbeck, Philip Roth, Lorraine Hansberry, and Philip Roth. Many writers have written articles about Lang's work including Norman Mailer, Malcolm Gladwell, and Oscar Wilde.Ap Lang has kept himself busy writing a second autobiography called 'White Bull' an d an e-book titled 'The Logical Study of History'. He also has a website entitled 'larkouth.com' which is devoted to aplang.net. He believes that he has found the key to understanding everything, and he wants his readers to find the same. As his final sentence tells us, 'My hopes, my prayers, and my daily trials and tribulations are that you will see your education as life's gold mine.'

A sociological look at JAWS essays

A sociological look at JAWS essays The movie I choose to review was Jaws, which is one of my favorites and a timeless classic. A traditional story about man against beast takes place on an island that depends on its summer tourist business. When the summer season in threatened by a series of shark attacks three men are sent out to track down a great white shark. The three main (human) characters are Brody (Roy Scheider), the police chief, who came to the island from New York looking, so he thought, for a change from the fears of the city. There's Quint (Robert Shaw), a caricature of the crusty old seafaring salt, who has a very personal reason for hating sharks. And there's Hooper (Richard Dreyfuss), the rich kid turned oceanographer, who knows best of all what a shark can do to a man, and yet is willing to get into the water with one The movie starts just before the summer boom with a girl running out in to the ocean for a midnight dip. She is undoubtedly attacked by a shark and when she is found on the beach the next morning the town officials dismiss the find as a boating accident. Chief Brody who is not convinced of that is was a boating accident fears it was a shark attack. With the safety of not only the islanders but also the coming tourist crowds Brody tries to close the island off the tourists until the problem is solved. The Mayor sensing what Brody is up to stops the Chief from cutting off the islands only means of income. The Mayor tells Brody that no one is sure what happened to the girl and no decision like this can be made with the evidence at hand. Brody unwillingly agrees. When there is another attack, this time on a small child and in broad daylight, a meeting is called to discuss what to do about the islands problem. The Chief decides t call the mainland for help but being an island of fishermen the locals have only on thing on their minds. This is where we get to meet Quint. Quint is convinced that the only way to solve the prob...

The Male and Female Self in European Civilization Essay

The Male and Female Self in European Civilization - Essay Example Two of these personalities were Heloise and Abelard who became famous for their disastrous affair which shook the church in France during the Middle-Ages. Peter Abelard, a renowned philosopher and priest, fell in love with his beautiful and convent-educated student Heloise who eventually became pregnant. The affair ended in a tragedy when the couple secretly got married. When Heloise's uncle found out about the illicit affair and the marriage, he ordered Abelard castrated. Abelard spent the rest of his life in a monastery and Heloise decided to take vows as an Abbess, both embittered and separated from each other. Heloise's and Abelard's letters, written to each other at the height of their affair, compiled by Constant Mews, in a book called 'The Lost Love Letters of Heloise and Abelard,' radically and eloquently described the transcendent nature of their love. These collection of letters found and translated by Mews, only manifested that although men mainly dominated this period, th e voices of women in that generation could never be silenced by constraints on gender or the established religious institutions. In one of her letters, Heloise wrote to Abelard she preferred love to chains and freedom to marriage as marriage was done merely for conventional purposes. And if the name of wife appears more sacred and more valid, sweeter to me is ever the word friend, or, if thou be not ashamed, concubine or whoreI preferred to love to wedlock, freedom to a bond. I call God to witness, if Augustus, ruling over the whole world, were to deem me worthy of the honour of marriage, and to confirm the whole world to me, to be ruled by me forever, dearer to me and of greater dignity would it seem to be called thy strumpet than his empress. (Constant 27) Heloise altered her definition of 'self' from being 1'a woman of great wisdom and prudence and religion' to someone who is not 'chaste.' Constant Mews mentioned this as 2'an incredible insight into Heloise's perception of the hypocrisy of religious life.' A part of Heloise identification of the 'self' was her strong views about gender issues of her time questioning the functions of Christian women in religious life and how this life could be made to suit them and not the other way around. Mews added that 3'the traditions [Heloise] inherited were one in secular level' quite distinct from the love based on the Scriptures that Heloise had to follow or the love that '[was] talked about in monastic life.' The Middle-Ages were the period in which society identified women as the cause of decay and corruption and Heloise defied this prevailing idea by developing a notion of love which at best was liberal and beyond her time. In another letter to Abelard, Heloise wrote 4'I do not consider the friendship of those who seem to love each other for riches and pleasures to be durable at all since the very things on which they base their love seem to have no durability.' In many of her letters in which she professed love to Abelard, Heloise stressed equality and friendship as essential to love and relationships. For the most part, Abelard agreed with Heloise's view about love saying that they could live

The UK has two legal professionals, solicitors and barristers. should Essay

The UK has two legal professionals, solicitors and barristers. should the professions be fused - Essay Example As perceived by the general public solicitors spend their time sitting in an office surrounded by legal tomes, whereas barristers lead a rather more active life. However there times when a barrister can act without being asked to do so by a solicitor, as so on such occasions does his own office work, as when for instance he is instructed by barristers in employment, when acting for patent agents or when instructed by Officers of the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service. (The Bar Council, undated). At the same time solicitors can, under certain conditions, represent clients in court. Should this practise of differentiation between these two ways of being a British continue or should the two professions become united and act as one? Discussion There are always those who want change and those who will always prefer the status quo. In 1990 the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 (Act)2 became legislation. Thurman ( 1993) described this as a monumental change. The aim was to give the public of the United Kingdom a greater choice of legal practitioners. The act, a controversial one, especially among lawyers, gave not only suitably qualified solicitors , but also nonlawyer members of other occupations. There are a number of other important changes such permission being given for the establishment of multi-disciplinary law practices which could nonlawyer members. Even international legal firms were allowed using lawyers from other lands. The Lord Chancellor stated that the aim of the bill was â€Å"ensuring that ... a market providing legal services operates freely and efficiently ....† Green Paper, supra note 10,  § 1.1 as quoted by Thurman .( page 4) If solicitors are allowed to represent clients in the magistrates court why can they not do so in other courts? Firstly many would not wish to do so. They may have an excellent knowledge of the law , but would not want to be seen on a public stage, which to some extent is what a high court is. S econdly a solicitor’s company may have a wide variety of clients with an equally wide variety of legal needs. They will have a wide knowledge of the barristers available and their particular abilities and specialties – there may be those for instance who specialize in commercial law or be excited by criminal practice. Also many cases are heard in London or other large cities, whereas the magistrates courts are much more local for the majority, as well as dealing with by far the bulk of cases, 95% according to HM Courts and Tribunal Services ( 2009). Only when a case is considered to require a sentence exceeding 6 months in duration are cases passed on to the higher courts. Even then much of the work leading up to the actual court case is done by the solicitor, the barrister taking over for the actual higher court appearance. Another point is that advocacy is only a small proportion of the work undertaken by solicitors according to UK Law Online 1998 which describes how much more time is spent on other tasks:- Litigation is only a small part of the work of the solicitor’s profession as a whole. Most are involved in commercial work relating to business eg dealing with commercial transactions, corporate matters, land, share and other property dealings. There is also a large amount of private client work which does not involve any litigation (if all goes to plan!) such as the conveyancing of houses, making wills, advising on tax matters:- Apart