Architectural Innovation free essay sample

Henderson and Clark are of the opinion that such innovations may threaten established organizations – It destroys the usefulness of a firm’s architectural knowledge but preserves the usefulness of its knowledge about the product’s components. One of the core ideas proposed is that once a dominant design has emerged, the architectural knowledge of the product becomes ingrained in the organizational knowledge and information processing structures as firms strive to focus on refining the process rather than searching for new linkages between components. Thus in the event of an architectural innovation, critical information may be screened out, and solutions overlooked because of the firm’s resistance to change. Consequently, firms may find it difficult to react and regain market leadership thereby losing its competitive edge. Empirical evidence photolithographic alignment equipment industry has shown that is indeed the case. In all four episodes of architectural innovation in the industry, the market leader failed to respond effectively to new architectural innovations due to its preoccupation with the knowledge it was equipped with of the existing obsolete architecture. We will write a custom essay sample on Architectural Innovation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This paper is based on empirical data from both semi-structured interviews, and journals and reports. Such materials are based on the opinion of an individual or group, whose vested interests may undermine their credibility and objectivity. The semi-structured nature of the interviews and varying number and/or rank of the members of each product-development team interviewed point towards an uncontrolled sample. Given the constraints of the available data set and the length of the research period however, the authors did a good job in reconciling possible differences by using the secondary data to corroborate and supplement the primary sources, thus portraying a fairly accurate picture of the industry’s evolution. This paper illustrated the concept of architectural innovation presenting established organizations with threats that could significantly impact them through an empirical study of a single industry. The effects of innovation on this industry could perhaps be extrapolated to other industries. Further research applied to other industries, as recommended by the authors, would widen the scope of the sample and eliminate any possible biases or industry-specific aberration and help develop a more comprehensive understanding of the impacts of innovation on industries in general. In a knowledge-based economy, horizontal and vertical transfer of knowledge can be said to be a common feature. This may be attributed to the recent spate of mergers and acquisitions, a highly mobile workforce, and the increased interdependency between firms and industries. It might thus be timely for future research to focus on the impact of innovation in such a climate, vastly different from that in the 1980s. The paper discussed the why and how of established firms losing their competitive edge; while new firms gain a foothold due to their flexibility and ability to exploit new architectural innovations despite their limited competencies. It would only appropriate then, to research on the possible modes of action different firms should take. The paper shed some light on how established, threatened firms should respond to an innovation with significant competitive implications that could make or break their existing business, but none for new firm, which was not the main focus of the paper. Considering the advantages new firms have in entering the market, additional research could be done on the risks of entrance, given the unpredictability of the marketplace as seen in the dot com bubble, and the danger of staying away from business opportunities as per Kodak from digital cameras. The arguments in this paper are strongly supported by evidence within the set scope of the photolithographic alignment equipment industry. The nature of the data itself was subjective, but it was corroborated with other sources, thus rendering it reliable. In all, this paper is one of a high standard with well-documented evidence and credible arguments put forth in a comprehensible way that prompts the reader to ruminate upon the wider implications of the thesis.

Lolita Film and Novel Comparison free essay sample

One of the greatest works of the 20th century, Lolita shocked and intrigued audience everywhere. This story is about the European intellectual Humbert Humbert, and his doomed relationship with the nymphet, â€Å"Lolita.† The book can stand alone as one of the most interesting on the AP Booklist. However, after watching the movie, Lolita’s story has a special place in my heart alongside many of my favorite, â€Å"love† stories. Jeremy Iron’s voice enthralled me and made me feel real compassion for the trials Humbert went through in the movie. Dominique Swain’s Lolita was as beautiful and manipulative as perceived in the book, and her entire presence simply enchanted me. Her movements, voice, and overall looks were exactly as I though Lolita’s should be, and she mimicked her personality just right as well. Though the 1997 version of the movie does stray at times from what occurred in the book, the movie made it up with great actors, music, setting, and overall charm. We will write a custom essay sample on Lolita: Film and Novel Comparison or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both the movie and the book first talk about Lolita, in the famous quote, â€Å"Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins. My sin, my soul.† However, in the beginning of the movie, he is not in jail but in his car, delirious after murdering Quincy. He is bloody and holding a gun, and this foreshadowing, though used for something else, is used very often later in the movie and in the book as well. The story continues and describes his first love, Annabel. However, the movie does not delve into his life after Annabel and before Lolita. This choice did not affect the overall movie and was most likely done to it entertaining for those who hadn’t read the book. Humbert meets Lolita, who is 14 instead of 12, in the piazza like he does in the book, and the story seems to run almost parallel for the rest of the movie. There is one exception, however. Humbert’s scene in which he was masturbating was cut out, most likely because it was too graphic and was taking too much time. The scene was filmed, just not added to the final version of the movie released in theatres. This movie was a cinematic experience that actually made me shed tears at the end, because the music and lighting and the desolation got to me in a way the book hadn’t. The book itself was a treasure, and the movie was the gold within. Reading this book and watching the movie alongside it was a very good way to complete my ISP points.

Ap Lang Essay Samples

Ap Lang Essay SamplesAp Lang was the first recipient of President Bush's undergraduate scholarship. His essay samples are full of lessons he learned in school about history, politics, history of religions, and what makes an institution successful. He also has a penchant for getting into trouble. The rest of his essay samples are filled with humorous tales, anecdotes, and thoughts on the world and his place in it.His theme 'Branch George Washington' is much more interesting than you may think. He begins his essay with a variety of quotations, including 'I would rather be of one mind with two people than all at war with all.' Another interesting quote is, 'You know that the war is won, not by the firing of the last cannon, but by the laying of the first brick.' Lang believes that war is the 'worst form of business there is,' and he never misses an opportunity to throw a stone at the United States Military establishment. His next essay sample describes what it means to be a 'free thinke r' and a 'Talent for finding out new things.'Lang concludes his third and final essay sample with a humorous story about how he did not enjoy going to get a pink slip because of his patriotism. He gives it to the reader as a tool to remember what is really important in life. His final essay sample is full of thoughts about the top three college football teams. He begins his paper with the famous Woody Hayes poem, 'The People's Will,' and ends it with the famous line, 'Tell me who the Longhorns are made for.' Each essay sample is written in the third person. Lang uses the third person when he is describing himself as the student 'whose name is on the other side of the page.'Ap Lang's essay samples take readers on a journey from an early age to the World War II, but most of them end with the evolution of his interests. His interests include horse racing, marathons, orwalks with his dogs, and history. He enjoys anything that he can relate to, regardless of what he sees. His research in terests include the US Military, politics, and travel.Ap Lang's essay samples can be divided into four major categories. They are about American history, politics, religion, and college football. There are also some literary-related essays about speeches Lang made at Duke, Drexel, Middlebury, and the University of Texas.Some of the authors who have endorsed Ap Lang's autobiography include Dick Gregory, Dick Gregory and Harry Belafonte, Lawrence Welk, William Faulkner, Sir Richard Burton, Charles Dutoit, John Ashbery, Sidney Bechet, Julius Caesar, Steve Allen, and John Ogden. All of the authors listed above endorse Lang's work, including Frederick Masterson, Clarence Darrow, Rosemary Ellen Guiley, Gertrude Stein, Irving Stone, John Steinbeck, Philip Roth, Lorraine Hansberry, and Philip Roth. Many writers have written articles about Lang's work including Norman Mailer, Malcolm Gladwell, and Oscar Wilde.Ap Lang has kept himself busy writing a second autobiography called 'White Bull' an d an e-book titled 'The Logical Study of History'. He also has a website entitled 'larkouth.com' which is devoted to aplang.net. He believes that he has found the key to understanding everything, and he wants his readers to find the same. As his final sentence tells us, 'My hopes, my prayers, and my daily trials and tribulations are that you will see your education as life's gold mine.'

A sociological look at JAWS essays

A sociological look at JAWS essays The movie I choose to review was Jaws, which is one of my favorites and a timeless classic. A traditional story about man against beast takes place on an island that depends on its summer tourist business. When the summer season in threatened by a series of shark attacks three men are sent out to track down a great white shark. The three main (human) characters are Brody (Roy Scheider), the police chief, who came to the island from New York looking, so he thought, for a change from the fears of the city. There's Quint (Robert Shaw), a caricature of the crusty old seafaring salt, who has a very personal reason for hating sharks. And there's Hooper (Richard Dreyfuss), the rich kid turned oceanographer, who knows best of all what a shark can do to a man, and yet is willing to get into the water with one The movie starts just before the summer boom with a girl running out in to the ocean for a midnight dip. She is undoubtedly attacked by a shark and when she is found on the beach the next morning the town officials dismiss the find as a boating accident. Chief Brody who is not convinced of that is was a boating accident fears it was a shark attack. With the safety of not only the islanders but also the coming tourist crowds Brody tries to close the island off the tourists until the problem is solved. The Mayor sensing what Brody is up to stops the Chief from cutting off the islands only means of income. The Mayor tells Brody that no one is sure what happened to the girl and no decision like this can be made with the evidence at hand. Brody unwillingly agrees. When there is another attack, this time on a small child and in broad daylight, a meeting is called to discuss what to do about the islands problem. The Chief decides t call the mainland for help but being an island of fishermen the locals have only on thing on their minds. This is where we get to meet Quint. Quint is convinced that the only way to solve the prob...

The Male and Female Self in European Civilization Essay

The Male and Female Self in European Civilization - Essay Example Two of these personalities were Heloise and Abelard who became famous for their disastrous affair which shook the church in France during the Middle-Ages. Peter Abelard, a renowned philosopher and priest, fell in love with his beautiful and convent-educated student Heloise who eventually became pregnant. The affair ended in a tragedy when the couple secretly got married. When Heloise's uncle found out about the illicit affair and the marriage, he ordered Abelard castrated. Abelard spent the rest of his life in a monastery and Heloise decided to take vows as an Abbess, both embittered and separated from each other. Heloise's and Abelard's letters, written to each other at the height of their affair, compiled by Constant Mews, in a book called 'The Lost Love Letters of Heloise and Abelard,' radically and eloquently described the transcendent nature of their love. These collection of letters found and translated by Mews, only manifested that although men mainly dominated this period, th e voices of women in that generation could never be silenced by constraints on gender or the established religious institutions. In one of her letters, Heloise wrote to Abelard she preferred love to chains and freedom to marriage as marriage was done merely for conventional purposes. And if the name of wife appears more sacred and more valid, sweeter to me is ever the word friend, or, if thou be not ashamed, concubine or whoreI preferred to love to wedlock, freedom to a bond. I call God to witness, if Augustus, ruling over the whole world, were to deem me worthy of the honour of marriage, and to confirm the whole world to me, to be ruled by me forever, dearer to me and of greater dignity would it seem to be called thy strumpet than his empress. (Constant 27) Heloise altered her definition of 'self' from being 1'a woman of great wisdom and prudence and religion' to someone who is not 'chaste.' Constant Mews mentioned this as 2'an incredible insight into Heloise's perception of the hypocrisy of religious life.' A part of Heloise identification of the 'self' was her strong views about gender issues of her time questioning the functions of Christian women in religious life and how this life could be made to suit them and not the other way around. Mews added that 3'the traditions [Heloise] inherited were one in secular level' quite distinct from the love based on the Scriptures that Heloise had to follow or the love that '[was] talked about in monastic life.' The Middle-Ages were the period in which society identified women as the cause of decay and corruption and Heloise defied this prevailing idea by developing a notion of love which at best was liberal and beyond her time. In another letter to Abelard, Heloise wrote 4'I do not consider the friendship of those who seem to love each other for riches and pleasures to be durable at all since the very things on which they base their love seem to have no durability.' In many of her letters in which she professed love to Abelard, Heloise stressed equality and friendship as essential to love and relationships. For the most part, Abelard agreed with Heloise's view about love saying that they could live

The UK has two legal professionals, solicitors and barristers. should Essay

The UK has two legal professionals, solicitors and barristers. should the professions be fused - Essay Example As perceived by the general public solicitors spend their time sitting in an office surrounded by legal tomes, whereas barristers lead a rather more active life. However there times when a barrister can act without being asked to do so by a solicitor, as so on such occasions does his own office work, as when for instance he is instructed by barristers in employment, when acting for patent agents or when instructed by Officers of the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service. (The Bar Council, undated). At the same time solicitors can, under certain conditions, represent clients in court. Should this practise of differentiation between these two ways of being a British continue or should the two professions become united and act as one? Discussion There are always those who want change and those who will always prefer the status quo. In 1990 the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 (Act)2 became legislation. Thurman ( 1993) described this as a monumental change. The aim was to give the public of the United Kingdom a greater choice of legal practitioners. The act, a controversial one, especially among lawyers, gave not only suitably qualified solicitors , but also nonlawyer members of other occupations. There are a number of other important changes such permission being given for the establishment of multi-disciplinary law practices which could nonlawyer members. Even international legal firms were allowed using lawyers from other lands. The Lord Chancellor stated that the aim of the bill was â€Å"ensuring that ... a market providing legal services operates freely and efficiently ....† Green Paper, supra note 10,  § 1.1 as quoted by Thurman .( page 4) If solicitors are allowed to represent clients in the magistrates court why can they not do so in other courts? Firstly many would not wish to do so. They may have an excellent knowledge of the law , but would not want to be seen on a public stage, which to some extent is what a high court is. S econdly a solicitor’s company may have a wide variety of clients with an equally wide variety of legal needs. They will have a wide knowledge of the barristers available and their particular abilities and specialties – there may be those for instance who specialize in commercial law or be excited by criminal practice. Also many cases are heard in London or other large cities, whereas the magistrates courts are much more local for the majority, as well as dealing with by far the bulk of cases, 95% according to HM Courts and Tribunal Services ( 2009). Only when a case is considered to require a sentence exceeding 6 months in duration are cases passed on to the higher courts. Even then much of the work leading up to the actual court case is done by the solicitor, the barrister taking over for the actual higher court appearance. Another point is that advocacy is only a small proportion of the work undertaken by solicitors according to UK Law Online 1998 which describes how much more time is spent on other tasks:- Litigation is only a small part of the work of the solicitor’s profession as a whole. Most are involved in commercial work relating to business eg dealing with commercial transactions, corporate matters, land, share and other property dealings. There is also a large amount of private client work which does not involve any litigation (if all goes to plan!) such as the conveyancing of houses, making wills, advising on tax matters:- Apart

The Pros of Therapeutic Cloning Essay Example for Free

The Pros of Therapeutic Cloning Essay Are you for or against human cloning? Before you answer this pertinent question, picture this. A loved one who is very dear to you is diagnosed with a serious disease such as muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, or even diabetes. If they could be treated, cured or have their life saved by stem cells or the results of cloning research, would that change your answer? Cloning can be defined as creating â€Å"an identical copy of a plant or animal from the genetic material of a single organism† (Cloning). There are two main types of human cloning, reproductive and therapeutic. Reproductive human cloning would essentially produce entire, living human beings, whereas therapeutic cloning would only produce parts or pieces such as tissue samples or organs needed for transplantation. The major debate over cloning is an ethical one. Would a clone have the same rights as the original? Would cloning result in a new form of slavery? Personally, I am not sure what the answers to these questions are. But regardless, therapeutic cloning should be allowed because humans are not being created, only the components needed to heal ailing patients. One major issue in regards to the cloning debate is the conjoining of the two separate types of cloning. The public sees cloning as the creation of a belated twin, which actually only describes reproductive cloning. When most people think about cloning they picture a mad scientist creating faux people in some dank, secret laboratory. In reality, this is about as far from the truth as one can get. Medical science is very far from creating actual people. However, we are much closer to discovering the necessary technology for producing cells and tissue samples essential for the treating, and possibly curing, of many debilitating diseases. Stem cell research is a major part of indispensable advances in therapeutic cloning. â€Å"Stem cells are useful because of their ability to become other cell types†¦Embryonic stem (ES) cells, however, have a much greater developmental potential [than Adult stem cells] and can be coaxed to give rise to nearly every cell type† (Davies, Fairchild, and Silk). Stem cells can be used to start established cell lines, from which multiple different cell types can be grown. This technology could be utilized majorly for replacement tissue growth, which is crucial to the treatment of diseases such as Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which is more commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig’s disease. Therapeutic cloning is not nearly as complicated as some people make it out to be. According to Kevin Bonsor and Cristen Conger on the How Stuff Works website, which is a Discovery Channel company, therapeutic cloning involves a serious of steps. DNA is extracted from a sick person. The DNA is then inserted into an enucleated donor egg [an egg with the nucleus removed]. The egg then divides like a typical fertilized egg and forms an embryo. Stem cells are removed from the embryo. Any kind of tissue or organ can be grown from these stem cells to treat various ailments and diseases. Using this process, healthy organs can be grown to replace damaged ones, or new skin can be produced to graft onto a burn victim. Furthermore, neurons can be grown to help treat patients with Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, or other neurological ailments. Therapeutic cloning is referred to in the field as nuclear transportation or, more specifically, somatic cell nuclear transfer. According to an article written by Chan et al. in 2008, scientists conducted a study to learn whether or not they could treat Parkinson’s in mice and it began with the â€Å"derivation of 187 ntES [(nuclear transfer Embryonic Stem)] cell lines from twenty four parkinsonian mice. † Based on the information found in this study it is reasonable to say that, using therapeutic cloning, we may be able to treat Parkinson’s disease in mice (Chan et al. ). Taking that into account, it is hardly a far stretch until medical experts are capable of treating human sufferers of Parkinson’s. Furthermore, this study alone should be proof enough that research into therapeutic cloning is not only ethical, but necessary. Gregg Wasson was a distinguished law practitioner, and his fiancee, Ann Campbell, an author of children’s books. That is, until they were both diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease and their careers were ended by their impending dementia. Somehow, with help from the twenty five odd medications he take every day, Gregg managed to testify on behalf of the Coalition for the Advancement of Medical Research (CAMR) in front of the U. S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary. With medicine where it is right now, this man is required to spend around $11,000 every year on his medication, and continue to medicate every three hours. Furthermore, â€Å"Parkinson’s medications become less effective over time†, so eventually his medications will no longer accomplish their job and he will slowly die (Therapeutic). If the government were to put a ban on therapeutic cloning, this would be the life that millions of Americans would be condemned to. However, if research is allowed to continue, we could someday be able to help these people, or even cure them. In the words of Gerald Ford, the thirty-eighth president of the United States of America, reproductive cloning would be â€Å"a perversion of science†. On the other hand, however, he argues that therapeutic cloning is anything but. In 2002, around the time of Ford’s eighty-ninth birthday, a bill was put before Congress that would ban not only reproductive cloning, but therapeutic as well. The late President Ford said that therapeutic cloning is â€Å"a very different branch of science that holds limitless potential to improve or extend life for 130 million Americans now suffering from chronic or debilitating conditions. He felt that all of these people deserved the best possible care that science and medicine could possibly produce, and banning therapeutic cloning would hinder advancement toward this goal significantly (Ford). The absolute epitome of the opposition to cloning is that people should not have the power to create people. This resistance does not apply here since I am only in favor of therapeutic cloning. Some may say that growing human tissue is equally as immoral as creating entire humans, to which I reply, is taking a biopsy equally as immoral as committing murder? Others may say that cloning is a boldfaced violation of the Nuremburg code. I feel that this does not even remotely apply, since the code says, in layman’s terms, that it is wrong to initiate experimentation on a human subject when it is known that the outcome may be serious pain, injury, or death. â€Å"People have been cloning plants for thousands of years†¦Many common fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants are produced in this way from parent plant with especially desirable characteristics† (Cloning). Why, then, are people so opposed to it now? Fear of the unknown begets anger and opposition. Society has no idea what may come of cloning or stem cell research, so they wholeheartedly combat them. A number of people believe they do know will happen, and their ideas are often incredible stretches of the imagination. In my opinion, the worst possible outcome of therapeutic cloning would be to discover that some conditions and diseases are actually irreversible or incurable.